Hedjet

Hedjet is the formal name for the pharaonic crown of Upper Egypt. The crown was white and was later combined with the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. The symbol sometimes used for this crown was the god Wadjet, who is the Snake (proper name is Uraeus) shown next to the head of the Vulture on the Pshent.

Pharaoh

:For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation) Pharaoh (Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (without niqqud: פרעה), Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh, Arabic فرعون) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt.
Etymology
The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words Pr-Aa meaning "Great House." Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-Second Dynasty (c. 945-c. 720 BC) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as hm.f "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title, but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, and in the ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats pharaoh like a proper name rather than like a title.
Open problems
There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian kings/pharaohs. Below are just a few:
- It is unknown who was the first king of Egypt. It may have been Menes or Narmer. Narmer is attested archaeologically, but Menes is not; it is possible that Menes is mythological, or that Menes and Narmer are the same person. If Menes existed as a separate person from Narmer, it is unknown which of them came first.
- Scholars have wondered whether Ramesses II defended Egypt against the Sea People because they were invading, or whether they were people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war. It is unclear whether Ramesses III or Amenemhat I were assassinated.
- The exact circumstances surrounding the disappearance of Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, are unknown. The body of Akhenaten himself has not been found, and it is unknown whether Akhenaten was killed or exiled. The exact nature of what Akhenaten believed is also still debated by scholars. The parentage of the next pharaoh, Tutankhamun, is uncertain, and the date and nature of his death is unknown.
- What happened to Hatshepsut is unknown and Hatshepsut's relationship with Senenmut is debated.
- While it is clear Cleopatra was Greek and not Egyptian, her father having been Ptolemy XII Auletes, it is unclear who her mother was, although probably Ptolemy's half sister Cleopatra Selene.
- Little is known about the reign of Pharaoh Smendes I, and it is possible that Egypt split during his governance.
- It is unclear whether Khababash of the Thirtieth Dynasty was a true pharaoh, and his origins are also a mystery.
- It is unknown whether Necho II really sent out an expedition, which sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile.
Regalia and titles
The king of Egypt wore a double crown, created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no actual ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regal items as his crook and flail, but did not contain a crown. Crowns were assumed to have magical properties, and Brier's speculation is there were items a dead pharaoh could not take with him and, therefore, had to be passed along to his living successor. The official titulary of the king by the New Kingdom consisted of five names; for some rulers, we know only one or two of them.
See also

- List of Pharaohs
- Egyptian chronology - Conventional Egyptian chronology
- History of Egypt
- Monarch
- Fivefold Titulary
Bibliography

- Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
- Brier, Bob. PhD. History of Ancient Egypt (Audio). The First Nation in History. The Learning Company. 2001.
External links

- [http://www.kingscalendar.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=71 Pharaoh of the Exodus article] The Kings Calendar
- [http://www.insecula.com/contact/A001726.html/ Tutankhamun: Pictures]
- [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy]
- [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities]
- Category:Ancient Egypt Category:Torah people Category:Positions of authority Category:Titles ja:ファラオ simple:Pharaoh

Lower Egypt

Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. The Pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Kingdoms, viz. upper and lower Egypt. While the labelling of "upper" and "lower" might seem counterintuitive, with Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north, the terminology derives from the flow of the Nile from the highlands of East Africa (upstream) to the Mediterranean Sea (downstream). Lower Egypt is to the north and is that part where the Nile Delta drains into the Mediterranean Sea. Upper Egypt is to the south from the Libyan desert down to just past Abu Simbel. Today there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river's delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta. In ancient times, Pliny the Elder (N.H. 5.11) said that upon reaching the delta the Nile split into seven branches (from east to west): the Pelusiac, the Tanitic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic, the Sebennytic, the Bolbitine, and the Canopic. Upper Egypt was known as Shemau and was divided into twenty-two areas called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih, just to the south of Cairo. The capital of the Middle Kingdom was at a place known as The Fayyum. This is an area of about 850 mile² (2,200 km²) of land that are wartered by an offshoot of the Nile called the Bahr Yusuf. Bahr Yusuf Lower Egypt was known to the Pharaohs as To-Mehu. This part of the country was also divided into nomes; however, as the place was mostly undeveloped scrubland, the organisation of the nomes underwent several changes. Ultimately there were twenty nomes and the first of these was at Memphis. Taken together, the Two Kingdoms formed Kemet ("the black"), the name for the dark soil deposited by the Nile floodwaters. The desert was called Deshret ("the red"), c.f. Herodotus "Egypt is a land of black soil...We know that Libya is a redder earth." (Histories, 2:12). However, Champollion the Younger (who deciphered the Rosetta Stone) in Expressions et Termes Particuliers (Expressions and Particular Terms) claims that Kmt does not actually refer to the soil, but to a negroid population in the sense of "Black Nation". Egyptian history is divided into periods that reflect the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under one king. Intermediate periods of Egyptian history were times when Upper and Lower Egypt were not unified under one king.

Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt stretching from just south of modern-day Cairo to the Nile Delta at Alexandria. Lower Egypt's landscape is dominated by the Nile delta at Alexandria. The deltal region is well watered, crisscrossed by channels and canals. There are marshy areas and the mosquitoes can be very annoying. The climate is milder than the climate in Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and there is more rainfall in this area. The Lower Egyptians' dialect and customs historically varied from those of the Upper Egyptians. Even in modern times, Lower Egypt is much more industrialized, and influenced by trade and commerce with the rest of the world. The patron goddess of the Ancient Lower Egypt is Wadjet.

Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land that extends from the cataract boundaries of modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. Historically, Upper Egypt's land was more isolated from activities to the north. From around 800 BC to 525 BC, this area was ruled by the High Priestess of Amon and Wife of God (often, these two positions were held by the same woman). There were a number of differences between Upper and Lower Egyptians in the ancient world. They spoke different dialects, and had different customs, needs and interests. Many differences and the tensions they create still exist in modern times. The patron goddess of the Ancient Upper Egypt is Nekhbet. See also Ancient Egypt

External link

- [http://www.website1.com/odyssey/week1/egygeo.html Geography of Egypt] Category:Ancient Egypt

Wadjet

In Egyptian mythology, Wadjet (also spelt Wadjit, and, in greek, Udjo, Uto, Edjo, an Buto) was originally the local goddess of the city of the same name, Per-Wadjet, named after her, and known as Buto to the Greeks. As the patron goddess, she was associated with the land, and so became considered a snake, usually a cobra, which were omnipresent around the area. Indeed, her name means papyrus coloured, a reference to the Cobra's skin. Eventually, she became the patron goddess of the whole of Lower Egypt, and since she was linked to the land, she was thought of as the wife of Hapy, the god of the Nile, which flowed through it. As patron of Lower Egypt, she automatically became associated with Nekhbet, who held the same position in Upper Egypt, and together they were known as the two ladies of the pharaoh. As a cobra, she was depicted as such, and became confused with Renenutet, with whom her identity eventually merged. As patron and protectress, she was often shown coiled upon the head of Ra, the chief deity, in order to act as his protection, an image of her which became the Uraeus symbol. Consequently she became associated with the Eye of Ra. Indeed, in later times, she was often depicted simply as a woman with a snake's head, or as a woman wearing an Uraeus, which had originally itself been her. In becoming the protectress of Ra, who was also a sun god, she became a goddess associated with heat and fire, and so was sometimes said to be able to send fire onto those who might attack. Consequently, she later became identified with the war goddess of Lower Egypt, Bast, who acted as another figure symbolic of the nation, consequently becoming Wadjet-Bast. In this position, since Bastet was a lioness, Wadjet-Bast was often depicted with a lion's head. Eventually, her position as patroness lead to her being identifed as the more powerful goddess Mut, whose cult had risen to power with the cult of Amun, and eventually being absorbed into her as Mut-Wadjet-Bast. Category:Egyptian goddesses

Uraeus

The Uraeus (plural Uraei or Uraeuses) is a stylised upright cobra (or snake / serpent), used as a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine authority in ancient Egypt. Uraeus is a Greek word that may have its origins in ancient Egyptian, meaning "she who rears up". ancient Egypt The Uraeus originated from the goddess Wadjet, who was seen as a cobra. She became the patron of the Delta, Lower Egypt, and so was worn by the Pharaohs as a head ornament, in effect part of the crown, as a claim over the land. The pharaoh was seen as a manifestation of the sun-god, and so it was also believed that the Uraeus protected the Pharaohs by spitting fire on their enemies. As the Uraeus was seen as a royal symbol, Horus and Set were also depicted wearing one. Another name for this is the term "Totaf" found also in the Bible.

Golden Uraeus of Senusret II

In 1920, the Qufti worker Hosni Ibrahim held in his hands the solid Gold, Golden Uraeus of Sesostris II, (after only a half-hour excavation). It had been decided to make a (follow-up) complete clearance of the El-Lahun Pyramid's rooms, at Saqqara. The start in the rock-cut offering chamber, leading from the sepulchre, on the south, immediately revealed in the turnover of the 6 inches of debris, the Golden Uraeus, crown ornament. Prior to the 1922 find of Tutankhamun's tomb, this Golden Uraeus was the only ornament ever known to be worn by a Pharaoh. The Golden Uraeus is of solid gold, 6.7 cm, black eyes of granite, a snake head of deep "ultramarine" lapis lazuli, the flared cobra hood of dark carnelian inlays, and also inlays of turquoise. For mounting on the Pharaoh's crown, two loops in the rear-supporting tail of the cobra, provide the attach points. See Reeves Ref, pg. 157 (1920). See Hagen Ref, pg. 202.

Uraeus, as a Hieroglyph

Besides, the Uraeus being used as an ornament for "Statuary", or as an adornment on the pharaoh, it was also used for jewelery and in amulets. However another important usage is as the Hieroglyph.
- For Uraeus ornament as a mummy grave example, See: Djedptahiufankh, "High Priest" of 21st Dynasty, Shoshenq I. The simplest hieroglyph is the "Cobra" (the Uraeus), however there are subcategories, referring to: goddess, priestess, the goddess Mehnit, shrine of goddess (àter), goddess Isis, and lastly goddess: (Cobra (uraeus) at base of God (ntr)). The Rosetta Stone uses the plural of the last example, "3-god 'Flags' with Cobra at each base of flag ". The story of the Rosetta Stone has the Pharaoh (the Priests of the pharaoh), listing His reasons for being honored, and in return, "The Gods and Goddesses (plural)" reward Him. The last (2/3) of the Rosetta Stone relates how He will be honored, including erecting the Rosetta Stone, for all to read. Another example of the hieroglyph usage, is as adornments upon the hieroglyph for "shrine" itself, and also for 'buildings'. See the Budge Ref.

References

- Budge, Sir E.A.Wallis. An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes, Sir E.A.Wallis Budge, (Dover Publications, Inc, New York), c 1920, Dover Edition, c 1978. (Large categorized listings of Hieroglyphs, Vol 1, pp xcvii-cxlvii (97-147, 50 pgs.)
- Hagen, R. Hagen, R. Egypt; People, Gods, Pharaohs, Rose-Marie & Rainer Hagen, (Barnes and Noble Books, New York), c 2003, (originally: Taschen, GmbH, Koln), c 2003, 1999, pg 202.
- Reeves, Nicholas. Ancient Egypt, The Great Discoveries, a Year-by-Year Chronicle, Nicholas Reeves, (Thames and Hudson Ltd, London), c 2000. See 1920, The Golden Uraeus of Sesostris II from el-Lahun, pg. 157. Category: Egyptian artefact types

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